MaPhySto
Centre for Mathematical Physics and Stochastics
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Aarhus

## Lévy Processes

### University of Aarhus

In the above-mentioned week, MaPhySto organized a Concentrated Advanced Course on Lévy Processes. The course took place in Auditorium G1 at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Aarhus. Each day there were 2-4 hours of lectures plus exercise sessions and additional lectures (see schedule below).

The course is part of a longer thematic period on Lévy Processes and their applications - the first event in this respect was the Conference on Lévy Processes: Theory and Applications held by MaPhySto in January 1999; see the Conference mini-proceedings. The present course will be followed by an ordinary graduate course at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Aarhus. Furthermore, a follow-up concentrated advanced course on further aspects of the theory of Lévy Processes and some of its applications will take place in the early fall, 2000.

### Content of Main Course

Lévy processes are stochastic processes on the Euclidean space, stochastically continuous and with stationary independent increments. Examples are Brownian motion, Poisson processes, stable processes (such as Cauchy processes), and subordinators (such as Gamma-processes). They form a basic class in stochastic analysis. This course aims at giving an introduction to elementary properties of Lévy process and to transformations between Lévy processes. Familiarity with the method of characteristic functions and some knowledge of Brownian motion, Poisson processes, and infinitely divisible distributions are expected. The following are the main contents of the lectures.

1. Characterization of Lévy processes by the Lévy-Khintchine representation of infinitely divisible distributions. Probabilistic meaning of the characterization.
2. Transformations of Lévy processes to Lévy processes. Especially, the subordination invented by Bochner and the density transformation (mutual absolute continuity in the path space in finite time) of Skorohod, Newman, and Kunita-S.Watanabe will be discussed in detail.
3. Large time behaviors of Lévy processes. Especially recurrence, transience, and oscillation are characterized. (Chung-Fuchs, Spitzer, Port-Stone, Shepp, Kesten, Erickson)
4. Time evolution of unimodality and multimodality of the distributions of Lévy processes on the line. (Wolfe, Yamazato, Sato, Toshiro Watanabe)

The following book will be a reference: K. Sato, Lévy Processes and Infinitely Divisible Distributions (Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics Vol. 68). Cambridge University Press, 1999.

#### Notes

The notes by Ken-iti Sato handed out during the course have been revised and expanded, and have appeared in the MaPhySto Lectur Notes Series, from where you may down-load them.

### Content of mini-course

Francesco Mainardi (University of Bologna) and Rudolf Gorenflo (Free University of Berlin)
Fractional calculus in the theory of probability and stochastic processes

As an introduction we briefly review the essentials of the fractional calculus according to different approaches that can be useful for our applications in the theory of probability and stochastic processes.

We discuss the linear operators of fractional integration and fractional differentiation, which were introduced in pioneering works by Abel, Liouville, Riemann, Weyl, Marchaud, M. Riesz, Feller and Caputo. Particular attention is devoted to the techniques of Fourier and Laplace transforms for treating these operators in a way accessible to applied scientists, avoiding unproductive generalities and excessive mathematical rigor.

Furthermore, we discuss the approach based on limit of difference quotients, formerly introduced by Grünwald and Letnikov, which provides a discrete view-point to the fractional calculus. Such approach is very useful for actual numerical computation and is complementary to the previous integral approaches, which provide the continuous view-point.

We also give some information on the transcendental functions of the Mittag-Leffler and Wright type which, together with the most common Eulerian functions, turn out to play a fundamental role in the theory and applications of the fractional calculus.

Fractional calculus allows one to generalize the linear, one-dimensional, diffusion equation by replacing either the second space derivative or the first time derivative by a space or time derivative of fractional order, $\alpha$ or $\beta$, respectively. Correspondingly, the generalized equation is referred to as the space-fractional diffusion equation of order $\alpha$ or the time-fractional diffusion equation of order $\beta$, provided that its fundamental solution for the Cauchy problem can be interpreted as a (no longer Gaussian) probability density evolving in time.

For the space-fractional diffusion equation of order $\alpha$ ($0<\alpha \le 2$) we generate the class of Lévy stable densities of index $\alpha$ according to the Feller parameterization. We thus obtain a special class of Markovian processes, called stable Lévy motions, which for $\alpha \ne 2$ exhibit infinite variance associated to the possibility of arbitrarily large jumps (Lévy flights).

For the time-fractional diffusion equation of order $\beta$ ($0<\beta < 2$) we generate a class of symmetric densities whose moments of order $2n$ are proportional to the $n\, \beta$ power of time. We thus obtain a class of stochastic processes which for $\beta \ne 1$ are non-Markovian and exhibit a variance consistent with anomalous diffusion.

We also briefly consider the space-time-fractional diffusion equation, namely the cases with $\alpha \ne 2$ and $\beta \ne 1\,.$

In the space-fractional case we approximate these processes by random walk models among which we roughly distinguish four types:

(a) discrete in space, discrete in time,
(b) discrete in space, continuous in time,
(c) continuous in space, discrete in time,
(d) continuous in space, continuous in time.

In type (a) jumps of an integer multiple of a basic step-length occur at equidistant instants of time. In type (b) such jumps can occur at any instant of time, the waiting time from one jump to the next being characterized by an exponential waiting time distribution. In type (c) jumps (obeying a continuous jump-width distribution) to any point in space occur at equidistant time instants. In type (d) jumps to any point on space can occur at any instant of time and again there is exponentially distributed waiting time between two successive jumps.

We give examples for these four types and show how, via properly scaled transition to vanishing space or time step or by proper scaling of the independent variables, these four types are related to space-fractional diffusion processes and among each other. Then, as an example of a more exotic model we discuss the famous Weierstrass random walk.

Finally, we present a model of type (a) for the time-fractional diffusion process.

#### Notes

The notes will be expanded and revised after the course, and will appear in the MaPhySto lecture notes series.

### Guest lectures

In addition to the lectures there were be three guest lectures during the course:

Sergei Levendorskii (Rostov State Academy of Economics)
Generalization of the Black-Scholes Equation For Truncated Lévy Processes, with Applications (joint work with S.I.Boyarchenko)

ABSTRACT: We define a class of generalized truncated Lévy processes (GTLP), which contains variance gamma processes, hyperbolic processes, processes of normal inverse gaussian type and Lévy processes of Koponen's family.
With a market of a riskless bond and a stock, whose returns follow a GTLP, and an equivalent martingale measure (EMM), we associate GTLP-analogs of the Black-Scholes formula and equation; the GTLP-analog of the Black-Scholes equation is a pseudo-differential equation.
We discuss possible ways of fitting parameters of GTLP and EMM to data, and study main properties of GTLP--analogs of the Black-Scholes equation. We show that these properties essentially depend on a process but not on a choice of EMM.
We construct a locally risk-minimizing portfolio and produce numerical examples to show how option prices and hedging ratios depend on characteristics of a process and on a choice of EMM.
We apply the generalized Black-Scholes Equations to Pricing of the Perpetual American Put and Barrier Options.

Roderick McCrorie (University of Essex)
Applications of the fractional calculus to econometrics

ABSTRACT: In this talk we explain how the fractional calculus has been used to solve the problem of finding the exact distribution of the Wald statistic and how it underlies a method of constructing efficient tests of non-stationary hypotheses. In statistical distribution theory, the Weyl definition of a fractional integral (or derivative) has been more useful than the Riemann--Liouville definition.

Barbara Rüdiger (Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Universität Bonn)
Construction by subordination of processes with jumps on infinite dimensional state spaces and corresponding non local Dirichlet forms

ABSTRACT: We show how symmetric non local , quasi -regular Dirichlet forms on infinite dimensional state spaces can be constructed by subordination. We start by considering any symmetric Markov semigroup $(T_t)_{t\geq 0}$ on $L^2(X,m)$ , with $(X,m)$ any measure space, and consider the subordinate Markov semigroup $(T_t^f)_{t \geq 0}$ with subordinator corresponding to any Bernstein function $f$. We construct the generator on its whole domain. We analyze properties of essentially self -adjointness of the subordinate generators, and properties of closability and quasi -regularity of the subordinate Dirichlet forms. We then show how these results can be applied to construct processes with jumps on infinite dimensional state spaces and apply them as a particular example to the subordinate of Ornstein -Uhlenbeck processes.

### List of Participants

 Silvia Valeria AnnibaldiDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesSchool of Cosmic Physics5 Merrion SquareDublin 2, Irelandsa@cp.dias.ie Fredrik ArmerinMatematiska InstitutionenKTHS-100 44 StockholmSwedenarmerin@math.kth.se Søren AsmussenDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsUniversity of LundBox 118S-221 00 Lund, Swedenasmus@maths.lth.se Fernando AvilaCentro de Investigación en MatematicásXalisco s/nValenciana36240 Guanajuato, Mexicoavila@cimat.mx Ole E. Barndorff-NielsenMaPhyStoDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmarkoebn@imf.au.dk Fred Espen BenthMatematisk InstituttUniversitetet i OsloPO Box 1053 BlindernN-0316 Oslo, Norwayfredb@math.uio.no Sara BiaginiScuola Normale SuperioreVia Dei Gelsi 6I-19123 La SpeziaItalybiagin@paley.dm.unipi.it Toni BlomsterDep of MathematicsUniversity of HelsinkiPL 4 Yliopistonkatu 5SF-00014 Helsinki, Finlandtoni.blomster@helsinki.fi Irene CrimaldiScuola Normale SuperioreVia Delle Tagliate 180I-55100 LuccaItalycrimaldi@paley.dm.unipi.it José Luis Batún CutzCIMATApartado Postal 40236000 GuanajuatoMexicobatun@fractal.cimat.mx Giulia Di NunnoDepartment of Mathematical StatisticsPavia UniversityCorso Lodi 47I-20139 Milano, Italygiulia@dimat.unipv.it Boualem DjehicheMatematiska InstitutionenKTHS-100 44 StockholmSwedenboualem@math.kth.se Omar El DakkakBocconi UniversityAlzaia Naviglio Pavese 8I-20100 MilanoItalyomareldakkak@yahoo.it Marco FantozziScuola Normale SuperioreVia Turati n.35I-56100 PisaItalyfantozzi@cibs.sns.it Matthias FischerLange Zeile 35D-90419 NürnbergGermanymatthias.fischer@wiso.uni-erlangen.de Nils Chr. FramstadMatematisk InstituttUniversitetet i OsloPO Box 1053 BlindernN-0316 Oslo, Norwayncf@math.uio.no Rudolf GorenfloFirst Institute of MathematicsFree University of BerlinArnimallee 2-6D-14195 Berlin, Germanygorenflo@math.fu-berlin.de Svend Erik GraversenDepartment of Mathematical SciencesTheoretical StatisticsUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmarkmatseg@imf.au.dk Niels Væver HartvigDept. of Theoretical StatisticsUniversity of AarhusNy Munkegade8000 Aarhus C, Denmarkvaever@imf.au.dk John HawkesDepartment of MathematicsUniversity College of SwanseaSwanseaWalesj.hawkes@bbk.ac.uk Daniel HlubinkaCharles University of PragueSokolovska 83CZ-186 75 Praha 8Czech Republichlubinka@karlin.mff.cuni.cz Wenjiang JiangDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus CDenmarkwenjiang@imf.au.dk Vladimir KalashnikovLaboratory of Actuarial MathematicsUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 5DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmarkvkalash@math.ku.dk Joanna Karlowska-PikFaculty of Mathematics and Computer ScienceNicholas Copernicus UniversityUl. Chopina 12/18PL-87100 Torun, Polandjoanka@mat.uni.torun.pl Rodrigo LabouriauForskningscenter FoulumDK-8830 TjeleDenmarkrodrigo@foulum.min.dk Sergei LevendorskiiRostov State Academy of Economics69 B. SadovayaRostov-on-Don 344007Russialeven@ns.rnd.runnet.ru Francesco MainardiDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BolognaVia Irnerio 46I-40126 Bologna, Italymainardi@bo.infn.it Roderick McCrorieDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkCO4 3SQ Colchester, Englandmccro@essex.ac.uk Francesco MorandinScuola Normale SuperioreVia Turati n.35I-56100 PisaItalymorandin@cibs.sns.it Eva NaumannInstitut für MathematikHumboldt Universität BerlinUnter den Linden 6D-10999 Berlin, Germanynaumann@mathematik.hu-berlin.de Elisa NicolatoDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus CDenmarkelisa@imf.au.dk Bent NielsenNuffield CollegeNew RoadOX1 5PG OxfordEnglandbent.nielsen@nuf.ox.ac.uk Morten NielsenDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus CDenmarkmonielsen@econ.au.dk Rolf NielsenDepartment of Statistics and DemographySDU Odense UniversityCampusvej 55DK-5230 Odense M, Denmarkroleif@imada.sdu.dk Fehmi OezkanUniversity of FreiburgEckerstrasse 1D-79104 FreiburgGermanyoezkan@fdm.uni-freiburg.de Jacob Krabbe PedersenDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Aarhus8000 Aarhus CDenmarkkrabbe@imf.au.dk Jan PedersenDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Aarhus8000 Aarhus CDenmarkjan@imf.au.dk Jesper Lund PedersenDepartment of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus CDenmarkjesperl@imf.au.dk Goran PeskirDepartment of Mathematical SciencesTheoretical StatisticsUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmarkgoran@imf.au.dk Silvio PinamontiPolitecnico di Torino (i)Corso Salvemini 41I-10137 TorinoItalys.pinamonti@studenti.to.it Igor PruensterDip. di MatematicaUniv. degli Studi di PaviaVia Ferrata 1I-27100 Pavia, Italyigor@dimat.unipv.it Alfonso RochaCIMATApartado Postal 40236000 GuanajuatoMexicoarteaga@uas.uasnet.mx Barbara RüdigerInstitut für Angewandte MathematikAbteilung StochastikWegelerstr. 6D-53115 Bonn, Germanyruediger@wiener.iam.uni-bonn.de Deimante RusaityteLaboratory of Actuarial MathematicsUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 5DK-2100 Copenhagen \O, Denmarkdeimante@math.ku.dk Marina SantacroceUniversity of RomeVia Livio Andronico 56I-00136 RomaItalysanma@rmi.acnet.ge Matthew N. SathekgeThe Judge Institute of Management StudiesUniversity of CambridgeTrumpington StreetCambridge CB2 1AG, UKmns22@eng.cam.ac.uk Ken-iti SatoProf. Emer., Nagoya UniversityMailing address:Hachiman-yama 1101-5-103, Tenpaku-kuNagoya, 468-0074, Japanken-iti.sato@nifty.ne.jp Wim SchoutensK.U. LeuvenEURANDOMCelestijnenlaan 200 BB-3001 Leuven, Belgiumwim.schoutens@wis.kuleuven.ac.be Takaaki ShimuraThe Institute of Statistical Mathematics4-6-7 Minami-Azabu Minato-ku106-8569 TokyoJapanshimura@ism.ac.jp Jose Lluis SoleDept. de MatematiquesUniversitat Autonoma de BarcelonaE-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)Spainjllsole@mat.uab.es Dario SpanoDip. di MatematicaUniv. degli Studi di PaviaVia Ferrata 1I-27100 Pavia, Italydario@dimat.unipv.it Lars StentoftDept. of EconomicsUniversity of AarhusDK-8000 Aarhus CDenmarklstentoft@econ.au.dk Steen ThjorbjørnsenDept. of Mathematics and Computer ScienceSDU Odense UniversityDK-5230 Odense MDenmarksteenth@imada.sdu.dk Frederik UtzetDep. de MatematiquesUniversitat Autonoma de BarcelonaE-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona)Spainutzet@mat.uab.es Mikhail VronskiSteklov Mathematical InstituteGubkina str. 8117966 MoscowRussiamvronski@mail.ru Matthias WinkelLab. de Probabilités et Modèles AléatoiresUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie4 Place JussieuF-75252 Paris Cedex 05, Francewinkel@proba.jussieu.fr Jeannette WoernerInstitut für Mathematische StochastikUniversität FreiburgEckerstr. 1D-79104 Freiburg, Germanywoerner@stochastik.uni-freiburg.de Jacopo ZaniDept. of Applied MathematicsPolitecnico of TurinVia Pediano 6/BI-40026 Imola (BO), Italyjacopozani@libero.it Pio Andrea ZanzottoDip. di MatematicaUniversita di PisaVia F. Buonarroti2-56127 Pisa, Italyzanzotto@dm.unipi.it Cristina ZuccaDept. of MathematicsUniversity of TurinVia Carlo Alberto 100I-10123 Torino, Italyzucca@dm.unito.it

### Schedule

Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
9.00-9.50 registration Mainardi Mainardi Gorenflo Gorenflo
BREAK
10.10-11.00 Sato Sato Sato Sato Sato
11.10-12.00 Sato Sato Sato Sato Sato
LUNCH (from 12.30)
14.00-14.50 B. Rüdiger S. Levendorskii McCrorie/Exercises Exercises
BREAK
15.20-16.20 Exercises Exercises Exercises Exercises

Do not hesitate to contact the MaPhySto secretariat (at maphysto@maphysto.dk) or the local organizers Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Goran Peskir for more information.